about the same issues: what it meant to be part of God’s people, to be loyal to Torah, to maintain Jewish identity in the face of the all-encroaching pagan world, and (above all in the view of some) to await the coming of God’s kingdom, of the ‘age to come’ promised by the prophets, of Israel’s redemption, hoping that when that day dawned one might have a share in the coming vindication and blessing. This was the world from which Paul came, and in which he remained even though he said things which